
Who was Aristotle? An ancient Egyptian papyrus with a scrap of Aristotle’s “Politics”
Aristotle’s family
Aristotle’s father was Nicomachus, a doctor who lived near Macedon, in the north of Greece.
Ancient Greek doctors
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His mother Phaestis was from Euboea. She probably worked from home. So, unlike Socrates and Plato, Aristotle was not originally from Athens. He was not from a rich family like Plato, though his family was not poor either.
Aristotle at Plato’s Academy
Aristotle’s father died when he was ten, and his mother probably soon afterwards. When Aristotle was seventeen, about 367 BC, he went to study at Plato’s Academy. Aristotle was the youngest of the three great Greek philosophers: Socrates taught Plato, and then Plato taught Aristotle.
Who was Socrates?
And who was Plato?

Who was Aristotle? Alexander the Great’s teacher.
Plato was already pretty old then. Aristotle did very well at the Academy. But he never got to be among its leaders. When Plato died, Aristotle was almost forty, but Plato chose his own nephew Speusippus instead of Aristotle to lead the Academy. Probably Aristotle was pretty upset about being left out.
Aristotle and Alexander the Great
Soon afterwards, Aristotle left Athens and went to Macedon. In Macedon, he may have been the tutor of the young prince Alexander, who grew up to be Alexander the Great.
More about Alexander the Great
When Alexander grew up and became king, Aristotle went back to Athens and opened his own school there, the Lyceum (lie-SAY-um), in competition with Plato’s Academy. Both schools were successful for hundreds of years.
Aristotle and scientific method
Aristotle was more interested in science than Socrates or Plato, maybe because his father was a doctor. He wanted to use Socrates’ logical methods to figure out how the real world worked; therefore Aristotle is really the father of today’s scientific method.
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Aristotle may have been the first person to suggest (correctly) that the way your eyes worked was that light bounced off objects into your eyes. He figured this out by using a camera obscura – an early kind of camera invented in China, about fifty years before Aristotle used it.
What’s a camera obscura?
The evolution of eyes
As Aristotle noticed, the bigger the box for your camera obscura, the bigger the image will be. Experiments with the camera obscura convinced Aristotle that your eyes worked like the camera obscura – as indeed they do.
Therefore, he figured out that light entered your eyes to make the image, rather than rays coming out of your eyes to find objects (like bats using sonar) as many scientists thought.
Aristotle and classification systems
Aristotle was especially interested in biology, in classifying plants and animals in a way that would make sense. This is part of the Greek impulse to make order out of chaos: to take the chaotic natural world and impose a man-made order on it.
Order and chaos
Rhythm and Greek thought
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When Alexander of Macedon was traveling all over West Asia, he sent messengers to bring any strange plants he found back to Aristotle for his studies (perhaps in some ways imitating the gardens of the Assyrian kings).
Hanging gardens of Babylon
Aristotle also tried to create order in peoples’ governments. He created a classification system of monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies, democracies and republics that we still use today.
More about types of government
Aristotle leaves Athens
When Alexander died in 323 BC, though, Demosthenes and other men led revolts against Macedonian rule in Athens. People accused Aristotle of being secretly on the side of the Macedonians (and maybe he was; he was certainly, like Plato, no democrat).
More about Hellenistic Athens
Aristotle left town quickly before he could be arrested. (Theophrastus took over the Lyceum). He spent the last years of his life in Euboea, among his mother’s family. Aristotle died of some sort of stomach problem when he was 62.
So who was Aristotle? Did this article answer your questions? Let us know in the comments!
Learn by doing: find ten different kinds of plants outside and draw them
More about Greek philosophy
Bibliography and further reading about Aristotle:
Aristotle: Philosopher and Scientist, by Margaret Anderson and Karen Stephenson (2004). For teens. Includes some suggested activities to help you understand the science.
Philosophy and Science in Ancient Greece: The Pursuit of Knowledge, by Don Nardo (2004). For teenagers. Don Nardo has written many books for young people about the ancient Greeks.
The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Philosophy, edited by David Sedley (1997).
This website worked amazingly! Thank you so much, I was making a google document on the Backround, Leadership, and Legacy of Aristotle. This will soon turn to an essay. Thank you for helping me. (I found this cite through NCwiseowl)
Wonderful! I’m glad we could help. If your teacher or library has a web page with links, we’d love to be added directly to that! Best of luck with your essay, and please feel free to ask specific questions if you have any as you’re going along.
Yo whats up
Hi Phil, thanks for stopping by!
What is your source for the information about the camera obscura being invented in China? I’ve read Mo Zi’s writings and there is nothing in there about a camera obscura. Moreover, its been proven by several Chinese and American historians that Mo Zi didn’t write most of “his” writings. His writing span almost 600 years. Please tell me your references for your findings I really wood like to know.
Hi Greg! There is certainly a passage in the Mozi about optics which seems to me (and to other historians) to describe a camera obscura. And the parts of the Mozi that are supposed to be later are not the ones about optics, as far as I know. This is hardly news: it’s in the Wikipedia article on the camera obscura, for example. You’ll find a more scholarly source here: https://monoskop.org/images/7/70/Needham_Joseph_Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Vol_4-1_Physics_and_Physical_Technology_Physics.pdf
Thank You for the awesome article! It really helped me study for my test! I got an A+
Wow, that’s great! I’m sure it was mostly your own hard work though! Congratulations!