Basil starts the Armenian Dynasty
In 867 AD, Basil killed Bardas and took over as Roman Emperor. That started the Armenian Dynasty. People call it that because of Basil’s Armenian ancestors. (Sometimes people call it the Macedonian Dynasty because Basil was born in Macedon.)
More about Bardas
High Middle Ages
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Basil’s foreign policy
Basil continued basically the same policies as Bardas had. He was nice to the Bulgars and made sure that the Bulgars were more friendly with Constantinople than with Western Europe. And he kept sending missionaries to Russia and the Serbs in the Balkans. So they too became more friendly with Constantinople and more under Basil’s power.
Early Medieval Russia
Who were the Slavs?
Leo VI and Alexander take power
After Basil died in 886 AD from a hunting accident, his sons Leo VI and Alexander took power. They ruled together (the way Caracalla and Geta had). Leo had most of the power. He was not as good a general as his father, and sometimes lost battles with the Bulgars. In 904, he lost the Greek city of Thessaloniki to Abbasid attacks.
Who were the Abbasids?
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And in 911 Russians from Kiev attacked Constantinople itself. The Russians forced Leo to agree to their demands for free trade with Constantinople. Then when Leo tried to attack Crete and take it back from the Abbasids, he lost again. Leo died in 912 and then Alexander died in 913.
Nicholas takes power
When Alexander died, Leo’s son Constantine VII became emperor, even though he was only seven years old. The regent, Nicholas, had the real power.
What is a regent?
The Bulgars took advantage of the change to attack, and Nicholas made peace with the Bulgars rather than fight them. People didn’t like that.
Zoe takes power
So Constantine’s mother, Zoe, was able to get control and rule the Empire. But Zoe couldn’t fight off the Bulgars either. When Constantine was thirteen he was forced to marry a girl named Helena, so that her father Romanus could take over the real power.
Romanus and Constantine VII
It took Constantine until 944, when he was almost forty, to get power into his own hands and get rid of Romanus. But he didn’t do any better – he tried to get Crete back, but failed again, and barely managed to fight off the Abbasid Empire‘s revenge attacks.
By this time the Romans were paying tribute to the Bulgars to keep them from attacking. Constantine did invite Olga, a Russian princess, to visit and got her to convert to Christianity, and she went home and began to encourage the Russians to convert to Christianity too.
A different Romanus
Constantine died in 959, when he was 53, and his son Romanus, who was 21, became emperor. Romanus finally succeeded in reconquering Crete from the Abbasid Empire, but he died young, in 963, when he was only 25 years old – people said he had been poisoned by his wife, Theophano, who became regent for their baby sons.
Theophano and Phocas
Now one of Romanus’ generals, Nicephorus Phocas, became emperor – he was the general who had conquered Crete, so everyone liked him. Nicephorus married Romanus’ widow, Theophano, and ruled alongside their baby sons. But he turned out not to be a very good emperor either – he just fought war after war with the Hungarians, the Bulgars, and the Abbasids, and this was so expensive that he had to raise taxes, which made him unpopular. Finally in 969 Theophano formed a conspiracy to kill him while he was sleeping.
Who are the Hungarians?
Theophano and John
Theophano’s boyfriend, John, who was also Nicephorus’ nephew, became emperor after they killed Nicephorus, in 969 AD. He was an aggressive general like his uncle, and won battles against both the Russians and the Abbasid Empire, expanding the Roman Empire into Bulgaria and much of Syria. He made an alliance with Otto II, the Holy Roman Emperor, and sent his niece Theophano to marry Otto to cement the alliance.
Otto II and Theophano
Basil II does a better job
By the time John died suddenly in 976, Romanus and Theophano’s son Basil II had grown up, and was able to become Emperor himself (although he was only eighteen!). Basil II turned out to be a much better emperor than his father or any of the other recent emperors. He forced rich men to pay their taxes again. He made an alliance with the Russian Czar Vladimir, where Vladimir helped Basil in war, and converted to Christianity, in exchange for marrying Basil’s younger sister Anna. And he also finished reconquering Syria from the Abbasids. But that’s not all – Basil also reconquered most of the Bulgar empire, all the way to the Danube river, and pushed back the Hungarians too.
Learn by doing: make a mosaic
More Byzantine History – Another Zoe
Bibliography and further reading about the Byzantine emperors and empresses: