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Hands rubbing together is a kind of friction

Definition of friction: Hands rubbing together is a kind of friction

Definition of friction

Friction is what happens when any two things rub against each other. These can be solid things, like your two hands rubbing together.

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More examples of friction

Or the things can be your skis rubbing on the snow, or a hammer hitting a nail, or they can be gases, like friction with the air slowing down your car, or liquids, like friction with the water slowing down a boat.

Levers and simple machines
Carbon dioxide molecules

What causes friction?

Nobody completely understands what causes friction. Partly, friction happens when the rough edges of one object snag on the rough edges of another object, and some of the objects’ energy has to be used to break off those rough edges so the objects can keep moving.

And when you rub two soft things together, like your hands, sometimes they squish into each other and get in each other’s way.

But even completely smooth, hard things have some friction. This friction is the result of the molecules in both objects being attracted to each other.

Ice skating

Ice skating uses friction’s heat to melt the ice into water

More or less friction?

We know how to make more friction or less friction, and how to predict how much friction there will be. There’s more friction when the two objects are pushed together harder.

If you push your hands together, it’s harder to rub them up and down. If you pull the brake lever harder, your bike will stop faster.

Gravity and friction

Because gravity pulls harder on things with more mass, things with more mass have more friction and are harder to move – a cube of iron will be harder to move than a cube of wood.

What is gravity?

Two solid things usually have more friction than two liquid things, or one liquid thing and a solid – that’s why you slip on a wet surface more than a dry one.

Equations for friction

When two things rub against each other, they both slow down. Because energy = mass x velocity, if the objects lose velocity without gaining mass, then they have to release some energy to keep the equation equal.

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What is heat?

One way for them to release that energy is as heat – loose electrons shooting off into the air. You can feel this happen when you rub your hands together and they get warmer. When you are ice skating, the friction between your skate blades and the ice melts little tracks of water in the ice -that’s what makes ice skating so slippery.

Learn by Doing – Friction
More about inertia

Bibliography and further reading about the definition of friction:

Wheels
Work
Gravity
Machines
Physics
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