Voltaire – European philosopher
Voltaire - a French philosopher Voltaire took ideas about religion, science, and human rights that were just getting started in the 1700s AD, and encouraged new ways of thinking about [...]
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Karl Marx – European philosophy
Karl Marx, a European philosopher and economist How did Hegel inspire Marx? The famous German philosopher Hegel died when Karl Marx was 13 years old. Marx must have heard a lot about [...]
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Protestant Reformation – Early Modern Europe
Catherine de Medici ruled France during the Protestant Reformation What was the Reformation? By the time Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England both died in 1547 AD, attacks by the Ottoman Empire were less [...]
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08, 2017
Early Modern Spain – Philip II
Philip II of Spain Philip II of Spain As the great-grandson of Isabella, who had sent Columbus to America, and the son of Isabella of Portugal, Philip II ruled Spain starting [...]
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Early Modern France – Henry IV
Henry IV of France Henry IV of France In 1589 AD, Catherine de Medici died in France, and her last son, Henry III, was killed a few months later. Henry III had [...]
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08, 2017
Europe’s early modern economy
Early modern economy: Members of the painters' guild in Haarlem (1670s) Guild system develops In the Renaissance, as cities grew all over Europe and more people began to buy things in stores instead [...]
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08, 2017
European economy in the 1700s
Kids in a spinning mill in England During the 1700s AD, the first modern factories opened. At first these were spinning factories to make thread for clothing, blankets, and sheets. Because most adults [...]
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08, 2017
European clothing – 1800s
Italian peasant, about 1850 (by Pierre Louis Dubourcq) At the very end of the 1700s AD, the invention of the cotton gin meant that the new country of the United States of America could produce [...]
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Machine-made clothing – Europe 1600s-1800s
India cotton (1600s AD) In the early 1600s AD, traders began to bring cotton cloth to Europe on sailing ships from India. People thought this cotton cloth was very convenient - it was pretty, [...]
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08, 2017
Raphael – Biography – Renaissance art
Raphael's early selfie as a teenager Raphael, Titian, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci were the four greatest painters of the Renaissance in Italy. Raphael was born in 1483, when Michelangelo was eight years old and Leonardo was already grown up; Titian [...]
