Late medieval Poland – History
The treaty that Queen Jadwiga and Duke Jogaila signed in 1385 AD Little Queen Jadwiga Queen Jadwiga was only ten years old in 1384. But her mother Elizabeth sent her north from [...]
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Late medieval Italy – Guelfs and Ghibellines
Late medieval Italy: Constance of Sicily (late 1100s AD) North Italy's republics All through the later middle ages, Northern Italy was still divided into lots of small independent city-states. The most important city-states [...]
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Late medieval Hungary
Late medieval Hungary: Mongols kill Hungarians at the Battle of Mohi (1241 AD) The Mongols invade Hungary Hungary fell on hard times in 1241 AD, when the Mongols invaded Eastern Europe from Central Asia. [...]
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Holy Roman Empire – Late Middle Ages
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II The new emperor of Germany and Italy, Frederick II, was only two years old when his father died in 1197 AD. So there were several civil [...]
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Late medieval France – Anne, Anne, and Charles IX
King Louis XI of France The Hundred Years' War During the Late Middle Ages, with the Crusades and the Hundred Years' War over, the French kings fought mainly to get control of more and [...]
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Fourth Crusade – the sack of Constantinople
The Pope calls for another crusade In 1200 AD, Pope Innocent began to ask the rulers of Europe to participate in a fourth crusade, again attempting to take Jerusalem away from the Ayyubids who ruled there. Saladin had died in [...]
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Late medieval Florence – the Medici
Lorenzo de' Medici In the early 1400s AD, a few rich families ruled the city-state of Florence in northern Italy. With the Holy Roman Empire very weak, these families ran Florence as an independent country. But most people in [...]
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Fifth Crusade – Medieval history
The siege of Damietta: Fifth Crusade Europeans attack Jerusalem In 1216 AD, Pope Honorius III succeeded in getting some more Europeans to agree to try again to conquer Jerusalem from the Ayyubids. The Fourth [...]
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Eighth Crusade – Medieval Europe
Louis IX sailing to Tunis with the Eighth Crusade (1270 AD) Why even do an Eighth Crusade? When Blanche of Castile died, her son Louis IX of France had to spend some [...]
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High Middle Ages – European history
St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, Italy (about 1100 AD) The Seljuks destabilize Europe's neighbors In 1071 AD, the Byzantine Empire lost most of Anatolia (modern Turkey) to the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert. [...]
